publications

Selected publications

1. NAACL

   Fine-grained Fallacy Detection with Human Label Variation

   Ramponi, A., Daffara, A., and Tonelli, S.

   In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2025

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Bib

   We introduce Faina, the first dataset for fallacy detection that embraces multiple plausible answers and natural disagreement. Faina includes over 11K span-level annotations with overlaps across 20 fallacy types on social media posts in Italian about migration, climate change, and public health given by two expert annotators. Through an extensive annotation study that allowed discussion over multiple rounds, we minimize annotation errors whilst keeping signals of human label variation. Moreover, we devise a framework that goes beyond 'single ground truth' evaluation and simultaneously accounts for multiple (equally reliable) test sets and the peculiarities of the task, i.e., partial span matches, overlaps, and the varying severity of labeling errors. Our experiments across four fallacy detection setups show that multi-task and multi-label transformer-based approaches are strong baselines across all settings. We release our data, code, and annotation guidelines to foster research on fallacy detection and human label variation more broadly.

2. TACL

   Language Varieties of Italy: Technology Challenges and Opportunities

   Ramponi, A.

   Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Poster Slides Website Bib

   Italy is characterized by a one-of-a-kind linguistic diversity landscape in Europe, which implicitly encodes local knowledge, cultural traditions, artistic expressions, and history of its speakers. However, most local languages and dialects in Italy are at risk of disappearing within a few generations. The NLP community has recently begun to engage with endangered languages, including those of Italy. Yet, most efforts assume that these varieties are under-resourced language monoliths with an established written form and homogeneous functions and needs, and thus highly interchangeable with each other and with high-resource, standardized languages. In this paper, we introduce the linguistic context of Italy and challenge the default machine-centric assumptions of NLP for Italy’s language varieties. We advocate for a shift in the paradigm from machine-centric to speaker-centric NLP, and provide recommendations and opportunities for work that prioritizes languages and their speakers over technological advances. To facilitate the process, we finally propose building a local community towards responsible, participatory efforts aimed at supporting vitality of languages and dialects of Italy.

3. ACL

   Variationist: Exploring Multifaceted Variation and Bias in Written Language Data

   Ramponi, A., Casula, C., and Menini, S.

   In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 3: System Demonstrations), 2024

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Video Poster Bib

   Exploring and understanding language data is a fundamental stage in all areas dealing with human language. It allows NLP practitioners to uncover quality concerns and harmful biases in data before training, and helps linguists and social scientists to gain insight into language use and human behavior. Yet, there is currently a lack of a unified, customizable tool to seamlessly inspect and visualize language variation and bias across multiple variables, language units, and diverse metrics that go beyond descriptive statistics. In this paper, we introduce Variationist, a highly-modular, extensible, and task-agnostic tool that fills this gap. Variationist handles at once a potentially unlimited combination of variable types and semantics across diversity and association metrics with regards to the language unit of choice, and orchestrates the creation of up to five-dimensional interactive charts for over 30 variable type-semantics combinations. Through our case studies on computational dialectology, human label variation, and text generation, we show how Variationist enables researchers from different disciplines to effortlessly answer specific research questions or unveil undesired associations in language data. A Python library, code, documentation, and tutorials are made publicly available to the research community.

4. EACL

   Massive Choice, Ample Tasks (MaChAmp): A Toolkit for Multi-task Learning in NLP

   Van Der Goot, R., Üstün, A., Ramponi, A., Sharaf, I., and Plank, B.

   In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, 2021 — Outstanding paper award

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Video Poster Website Bib

   Transfer learning, particularly approaches that combine multi-task learning with pre-trained contextualized embeddings and fine-tuning, have advanced the field of Natural Language Processing tremendously in recent years. In this paper we present MaChAmp, a toolkit for easy fine-tuning of contextualized embeddings in multi-task settings. The benefits of MaChAmp are its flexible configuration options, and the support of a variety of natural language processing tasks in a uniform toolkit, from text classification and sequence labeling to dependency parsing, masked language modeling, and text generation.

5. COLING

   Neural Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in NLP---A Survey

   Ramponi, A., and Plank, B.

   In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2020

   Abs HTML PDF Poster Website Bib

   Deep neural networks excel at learning from labeled data and achieve state-of-the-art results on a wide array of Natural Language Processing tasks. In contrast, learning from unlabeled data, especially under domain shift, remains a challenge. Motivated by the latest advances, in this survey we review neural unsupervised domain adaptation techniques which do not require labeled target domain data. This is a more challenging yet a more widely applicable setup. We outline methods, from early traditional non-neural methods to pre-trained model transfer. We also revisit the notion of domain, and we uncover a bias in the type of Natural Language Processing tasks which received most attention. Lastly, we outline future directions, particularly the broader need for out-of-distribution generalization of future NLP.

All publications

1. Preprint

   Translation in the Hands of Many: Centering Lay Users in Machine Translation Interactions

   Savoldi, B., Ramponi, A., Negri, M., and Bentivogli, L.

   In arXiv preprints, 2025

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   Converging societal and technical factors have transformed language technologies into user-facing applications employed across languages. Machine Translation (MT) has become a global tool, with cross-lingual services now also supported by dialogue systems powered by multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs). This accessibility has expanded MT's reach to a vast base of lay users, often with little to no expertise in the languages or the technology itself. Despite this, the understanding of MT consumed by this diverse group of users - their needs, experiences, and interactions with these systems - remains limited. This paper traces the shift in MT user profiles, focusing on non-expert users and how their engagement with these systems may change with LLMs. We identify three key factors - usability, trust, and literacy - that shape these interactions and must be addressed to align MT with user needs. By exploring these dimensions, we offer insights to guide future MT with a user-centered approach.

2. NAACL

   Fine-grained Fallacy Detection with Human Label Variation

   Ramponi, A., Daffara, A., and Tonelli, S.

   In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2025

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Bib

   We introduce Faina, the first dataset for fallacy detection that embraces multiple plausible answers and natural disagreement. Faina includes over 11K span-level annotations with overlaps across 20 fallacy types on social media posts in Italian about migration, climate change, and public health given by two expert annotators. Through an extensive annotation study that allowed discussion over multiple rounds, we minimize annotation errors whilst keeping signals of human label variation. Moreover, we devise a framework that goes beyond 'single ground truth' evaluation and simultaneously accounts for multiple (equally reliable) test sets and the peculiarities of the task, i.e., partial span matches, overlaps, and the varying severity of labeling errors. Our experiments across four fallacy detection setups show that multi-task and multi-label transformer-based approaches are strong baselines across all settings. We release our data, code, and annotation guidelines to foster research on fallacy detection and human label variation more broadly.

3. IJCoL

   Introduction to the Special Issue on Natural Language for Artificial Intelligence in the Era of LLMs

   Bassignana, E., Brunato, D., Polignano, M., and Ramponi, A.

   Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics [In press], 2024

   Abs

   The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recent years. Transformer-based models such as GPT-3 and BERT have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in modeling and generating human-like text. These models have not only redefined the potential of AI systems but also revolutionized applications across a broad spectrum, including machine translation, sentiment analysis, question answering, and beyond. While the era of LLMs has significantly expanded the horizons of AI, it has also presented critical challenges in effectively and responsibly harnessing their capabilities. This special issue was conceived as a dedicated platform for exploring the latest advancements, methodologies, and applications of LLMs. It sought to foster collaboration and knowledge exchange within the NLP and AI communities, encouraging researchers and practitioners to address real-world challenges while also delving into the theoretical foundations of language in machine learning. The issue builds on discussions initiated at the NL4AI 2023 workshop held at AIxIA 2023 (Bassignana et al. 2023), where many contributions showcased the innovative use of LLMs for natural language understanding and generation tasks. The papers in this volume reflect a diverse and rich body of research, spanning a wide array of topics. They investigate cutting-edge applications, introduce novel methodologies, and provide theoretical insights into the use of LLMs, while also reflecting on the integration of multimodal information and cognitively inspired frameworks to tackle complex problems. More specifically, the issue covers multimodal approaches, domain-specific adaptations, and efficient model deployment. The contributions highlight both opportunities and challenges in advancing natural language technologies.

4. TACL

   Language Varieties of Italy: Technology Challenges and Opportunities

   Ramponi, A.

   Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Poster Slides Website Bib

   Italy is characterized by a one-of-a-kind linguistic diversity landscape in Europe, which implicitly encodes local knowledge, cultural traditions, artistic expressions, and history of its speakers. However, most local languages and dialects in Italy are at risk of disappearing within a few generations. The NLP community has recently begun to engage with endangered languages, including those of Italy. Yet, most efforts assume that these varieties are under-resourced language monoliths with an established written form and homogeneous functions and needs, and thus highly interchangeable with each other and with high-resource, standardized languages. In this paper, we introduce the linguistic context of Italy and challenge the default machine-centric assumptions of NLP for Italy’s language varieties. We advocate for a shift in the paradigm from machine-centric to speaker-centric NLP, and provide recommendations and opportunities for work that prioritizes languages and their speakers over technological advances. To facilitate the process, we finally propose building a local community towards responsible, participatory efforts aimed at supporting vitality of languages and dialects of Italy.

5. ACL

   Variationist: Exploring Multifaceted Variation and Bias in Written Language Data

   Ramponi, A., Casula, C., and Menini, S.

   In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 3: System Demonstrations), 2024

   Abs HTML PDF Repo Video Poster Bib

   Exploring and understanding language data is a fundamental stage in all areas dealing with human language. It allows NLP practitioners to uncover quality concerns and harmful biases in data before training, and helps linguists and social scientists to gain insight into language use and human behavior. Yet, there is currently a lack of a unified, customizable tool to seamlessly inspect and visualize language variation and bias across multiple variables, language units, and diverse metrics that go beyond descriptive statistics. In this paper, we introduce Variationist, a highly-modular, extensible, and task-agnostic tool that fills this gap. Variationist handles at once a potentially unlimited combination of variable types and semantics across diversity and association metrics with regards to the language unit of choice, and orchestrates the creation of up to five-dimensional interactive charts for over 30 variable type-semantics combinations. Through our case studies on computational dialectology, human label variation, and text generation, we show how Variationist enables researchers from different disciplines to effortlessly answer specific research questions or unveil undesired associations in language data. A Python library, code, documentation, and tutorials are made publicly available to the research community.

6. EMNLP

   Delving into Qualitative Implications of Synthetic Data for Hate Speech Detection

   Casula, C., Vecellio Salto, S., Ramponi, A., and Tonelli, S.

   In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2024

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   The use of synthetic data for training models for a variety of NLP tasks is now widespread. However, previous work reports mixed results with regards to its effectiveness on highly subjective tasks such as hate speech detection. In this paper, we present an in-depth qualitative analysis of the potential and specific pitfalls of synthetic data for hate speech detection in English, with 3,500 manually annotated examples. We show that, across different models, synthetic data created through paraphrasing gold texts can improve out-of-distribution robustness from a computational standpoint. However, this comes at a cost: synthetic data fails to reliably reflect the characteristics of real-world data on a number of linguistic dimensions, it results in drastically different class distributions, and it heavily reduces the representation of both specific identity groups and intersectional hate.

7. CLiC-it

   When You Doubt, Abstain: A Study of Automated Fact-checking in Italian Under Domain Shift

   Valer, G., Ramponi, A., and Tonelli, S.

   In Proceedings of the 9th Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2023

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   Data for building fact-checking models for Italian is scarce, often contains ambiguous claims, and lacks textual diversity. This makes it hard to reliably apply such tools in the real world to support fact-checkers' work. In this paper, we propose a categorization of claim ambiguity and label the largest Italian test set based on it. Moreover, we create challenge sets across two axes of variation: genres and fact-checking sources. Our experiments using transformer-based semantic search show a large drop in performance under domain shift, and indicate the benefit of models' abstention in case of lacking evidence.

8. NL4AI

   Preface to the Seventh Workshop on Natural Language for Artificial Intelligence (NL4AI 2023)

   Bassignana, E., Brunato, D., Polignano, M., and Ramponi, A.

   In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Natural Language for Artificial Intelligence co-located with 22th International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, 2023

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   The Natural Language for Artificial Intelligence (NL4AI) workshop, supported by the Special Interest Group on NLP of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA) and by the Italian Association of Computational Linguistics (AILC), aims at providing a broad overview of recent activities in the field of Human Language Technologies (HLT) in Italy. Since its first edition in 2017, the workshop has served as a platform for researchers to exchange experiences and insights on research and applications at the intersection of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Like previous years, the current edition of the workshop was co-located within the International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA 2023), which took place on November 6–7th in Rome, Italy. The program of the meeting is available on the official workshop website.

9. EVALITA

   GeoLingIt at EVALITA 2023: Overview of the Geolocation of Linguistic Variation in Italy Task

   Ramponi, A., and Casula, C.

   In Proceedings of the Eighth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian, 2023

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   GeoLingIt is the first shared task on geolocation of linguistic variation in Italy from social media posts comprising content in language varieties other than standard Italian (i.e., regional Italian, and languages and dialects of Italy). The task is articulated into two subtasks of increasing complexity for which only textual content is allowed: i) coarse-grained geolocation, aiming at predicting the region in which the variety expressed in the post is spoken, and ii) fine-grained geolocation, aiming at predicting its exact coordinates. Both tasks can be either at the country level (standard track) or restricted to a linguistic area of choice (special track). GeoLingIt has attracted wide interest at the Evalita 2023 evaluation campaign with 37 registrations and 35 submitted runs. In this paper, we present the task and data, the evaluation criteria, the participants' results, an analysis of their approaches, and the main insights from the shared task.

10. EVALITA

    HaSpeeDe3 at EVALITA 2023: Overview of the Political and Religious Hate Speech Detection Task

    Lai, M., Celli, F., Ramponi, A., Tonelli, S., Bosco, C., and Patti, V.

    In Proceedings of the Eighth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian, 2023

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    The Hate Speech Detection (HaSpeeDe3) task is the third edition of a shared task on the detection of hateful content in Italian tweets. It differs from the previous editions while maintaining continuity in analysing and contrasting hate speech (HS) on social media. While HaSpeeDe and HaSpeeDe2 were focused on HS against immigrants, Muslims and Roms, HaSpeeDe3 explores hate speech in strong polarised debates, concerning in particular politics and religion. It is articulated in two different tasks: A) In-domain political hate speech detection and B) Cross-domain hate speech detection about political and religious tweets. Task A consists in two different subtasks for which participants i) can only use the provided textual content of the tweet, or ii) can additionally employ contextual information about the tweet and its author. In Task B, that consists in two subtasks, participants are allowed to use any kind of external data for detecting hate speech in tweets about i) politics and ii) religion. Six teams from both academia and industry participated in the evaluation, with a total of 13 submitted runs for Task A and 16 for Task B.

11. VarDial@EACL

    DiatopIt: A Corpus of Social Media Posts for the Study of Diatopic Language Variation in Italy

    Ramponi, A., and Casula, C.

    In Tenth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, 2023

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    We introduce DiatopIt, the first corpus specifically focused on diatopic language variation in Italy for language varieties other than Standard Italian. DiatopIt comprises over 15K geolocated social media posts from Twitter over a period of two years, including regional Italian usage and content fully written in local language varieties or exhibiting code-switching with Standard Italian. We detail how we tackled key challenges in creating such a resource, including the absence of orthography standards for most local language varieties and the lack of reliable language identification tools. We assess the representativeness of DiatopIt across time and space, and show that the density of non-Standard Italian content across areas correlates with actual language use. We finally conduct computational experiments and find that modeling diatopic variation on highly multilingual areas such as Italy is a complex task even for recent language models.

12. NAACL

    Features or Spurious Artifacts? Data-centric Baselines for Fair and Robust Hate Speech Detection

    Ramponi, A., and Tonelli, S.

    In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2022

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    Avoiding to rely on dataset artifacts to predict hate speech is at the cornerstone of robust and fair hate speech detection. In this paper we critically analyze lexical biases in hate speech detection via a cross-platform study, disentangling various types of spurious and authentic artifacts and analyzing their impact on out-of-distribution fairness and robustness. We experiment with existing approaches and propose simple yet surprisingly effective data-centric baselines. Our results on English data across four platforms show that distinct spurious artifacts require different treatments to ultimately attain both robustness and fairness in hate speech detection. To encourage research in this direction, we release all baseline models and the code to compute artifacts, pointing it out as a complementary and necessary addition to the data statements practice.

13. SemEval@NAACL

    DH-FBK at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Leveraging Annotators' Disagreement and Multiple Data Views for Patronizing Language Detection

    Ramponi, A., and Leonardelli, E.

    In Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, 2022

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    The subtle and typically unconscious use of patronizing and condescending language (PCL) in large-audience media outlets undesirably feeds stereotypes and strengthens power-knowledge relationships, perpetuating discrimination towards vulnerable communities. Due to its subjective and subtle nature, PCL detection is an open and challenging problem, both for computational methods and human annotators. In this paper we describe the systems submitted by the DH-FBK team to SemEval-2022 Task 4, aiming at detecting PCL towards vulnerable communities in English media texts. Motivated by the subjectivity of human interpretation, we propose to leverage annotators' uncertainty and disagreement to better capture the shades of PCL in a multi-task, multi-view learning framework. Our approach achieves competitive results, largely outperforming baselines and ranking on the top-left side of the leaderboard on both PCL identification and classification. Noticeably, our approach does not rely on any external data or model ensemble, making it a viable and attractive solution for real-world use.

14. PeerJ Comp Sci

    Addressing Religious Hate Online: From Taxonomy Creation to Automated Detection

    Ramponi, A., Testa, B., Tonelli, S., and Jezek, E.

    PeerJ Computer Science, 2022

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    Abusive language in online social media is a pervasive and harmful phenomenon which calls for automatic computational approaches to be successfully contained. Previous studies have introduced corpora and natural language processing approaches for specific kinds of online abuse, mainly focusing on misogyny and racism. A current underexplored area in this context is religious hate, for which efforts in data and methods to date have been rather scattered. This is exacerbated by different annotation schemes that available datasets use, which inevitably lead to poor repurposing of data in wider contexts. Furthermore, religious hate is very much dependent on country-specific factors, including the presence and visibility of religious minorities, societal issues, historical background, and current political decisions. Motivated by the lack of annotated data specifically tailoring religion and the poor interoperability of current datasets, in this article we propose a fine-grained labeling scheme for religious hate speech detection. Such scheme lies on a wider and highly-interoperable taxonomy of abusive language, and covers the three main monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Moreover, we introduce a Twitter dataset in two languages—English and Italian—that has been annotated following the proposed annotation scheme. We experiment with several classification algorithms on the annotated dataset, from traditional machine learning classifiers to recent transformer-based language models, assessing the difficulty of two tasks: abusive language detection and religious hate speech detection. Finally, we investigate the cross-lingual transferability of multilingual models on the tasks, shedding light on the viability of repurposing our dataset for religious hate speech detection on low-resource languages. We release the annotated data and publicly distribute the code for our classification experiments at https://github.com/dhfbk/religious-hate-speech.

15. W-NUT@EMNLP

    MultiLexNorm: A Shared Task on Multilingual Lexical Normalization

    Van Der Goot, R., Ramponi, A., Zubiaga, A., Plank, B., Muller, B., San Vicente Roncal, I., Ljubešić, N., Çetinoğlu, Ö., Mahendra, R., Çolakoğlu, T., Baldwin, T., Caselli, T., and Sidorenko, W.

    In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text, 2021

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    Lexical normalization is the task of transforming an utterance into its standardized form. This task is beneficial for downstream analysis, as it provides a way to harmonize (often spontaneous) linguistic variation. Such variation is typical for social media on which information is shared in a multitude of ways, including diverse languages and code-switching. Since the seminal work of Han and Baldwin (2011) a decade ago, lexical normalization has attracted attention in English and multiple other languages. However, there exists a lack of a common benchmark for comparison of systems across languages with a homogeneous data and evaluation setup. The MultiLexNorm shared task sets out to fill this gap. We provide the largest publicly available multilingual lexical normalization benchmark including 13 language variants. We propose a homogenized evaluation setup with both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation. As extrinsic evaluation, we use dependency parsing and part-of-speech tagging with adapted evaluation metrics (a-LAS, a-UAS, and a-POS) to account for alignment discrepancies. The shared task hosted at W-NUT 2021 attracted 9 participants and 18 submissions. The results show that neural normalization systems outperform the previous state-of-the-art system by a large margin. Downstream parsing and part-of-speech tagging performance is positively affected but to varying degrees, with improvements of up to 1.72 a-LAS, 0.85 a-UAS, and 1.54 a-POS for the winning system.

16. NAACL

    From Masked Language Modeling to Translation: Non-English Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understanding

    Van Der Goot, R., Sharaf, I., Imankulova, A., Üstün, A., Stepanović, M., Ramponi, A., Khairunnisa, S. O., Komachi, M., and Plank, B.

    In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 2021

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    The lack of publicly available evaluation data for low-resource languages limits progress in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU). As key tasks like intent classification and slot filling require abundant training data, it is desirable to reuse existing data in high-resource languages to develop models for low-resource scenarios. We introduce xSID, a new benchmark for cross-lingual (x) Slot and Intent Detection in 13 languages from 6 language families, including a very low-resource dialect. To tackle the challenge, we propose a joint learning approach, with English SLU training data and non-English auxiliary tasks from raw text, syntax and translation for transfer. We study two setups which differ by type and language coverage of the pre-trained embeddings. Our results show that jointly learning the main tasks with masked language modeling is effective for slots, while machine translation transfer works best for intent classification.

17. EACL

    Massive Choice, Ample Tasks (MaChAmp): A Toolkit for Multi-task Learning in NLP

    Van Der Goot, R., Üstün, A., Ramponi, A., Sharaf, I., and Plank, B.

    In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, 2021 — Outstanding paper award

    Abs HTML PDF Repo Video Poster Website Bib

    Transfer learning, particularly approaches that combine multi-task learning with pre-trained contextualized embeddings and fine-tuning, have advanced the field of Natural Language Processing tremendously in recent years. In this paper we present MaChAmp, a toolkit for easy fine-tuning of contextualized embeddings in multi-task settings. The benefits of MaChAmp are its flexible configuration options, and the support of a variety of natural language processing tasks in a uniform toolkit, from text classification and sequence labeling to dependency parsing, masked language modeling, and text generation.

18. Front Cell Dev Biol

    Reconstruction of the Cytokine Signaling in Lysosomal Storage Diseases by Literature Mining and Network Analysis

    Parolo, S., Tomasoni, D., Bora, P., Ramponi, A., Kaddi, C., Azer, K., Domenici, E., Neves-Zaph, S., and Lombardo, R.

    Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2021

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    Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of substrates in tissues due to the deficiency of lysosomal proteins. Among the numerous clinical manifestations, chronic inflammation has been consistently reported for several LSDs. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response are still not completely understood. In this study, we performed text-mining and systems biology analyses to investigate the inflammatory signals in three LSDs characterized by sphingolipid accumulation: Gaucher disease, Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (ASMD), and Fabry Disease. We first identified the cytokines linked to the LSDs, and then built on the extracted knowledge to investigate the inflammatory signals. We found numerous transcription factors that are putative regulators of cytokine expression in a cell-specific context, such as the signaling axes controlled by STAT2, JUN, and NR4A2 as candidate regulators of the monocyte Gaucher disease cytokine network. Overall, our results suggest the presence of a complex inflammatory signaling in LSDs involving many cellular and molecular players that could be further investigated as putative targets of anti-inflammatory therapies.

19. COLING

    Neural Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in NLP---A Survey

    Ramponi, A., and Plank, B.

    In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2020

    Abs HTML PDF Poster Website Bib

    Deep neural networks excel at learning from labeled data and achieve state-of-the-art results on a wide array of Natural Language Processing tasks. In contrast, learning from unlabeled data, especially under domain shift, remains a challenge. Motivated by the latest advances, in this survey we review neural unsupervised domain adaptation techniques which do not require labeled target domain data. This is a more challenging yet a more widely applicable setup. We outline methods, from early traditional non-neural methods to pre-trained model transfer. We also revisit the notion of domain, and we uncover a bias in the type of Natural Language Processing tasks which received most attention. Lastly, we outline future directions, particularly the broader need for out-of-distribution generalization of future NLP.

20. EMNLP

    Biomedical Event Extraction as Sequence Labeling

    Ramponi, A., Van Der Goot, R., Lombardo, R., and Plank, B.

    In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2020

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    We introduce Biomedical Event Extraction as Sequence Labeling (BeeSL), a joint end-to-end neural information extraction model. BeeSL recasts the task as sequence labeling, taking advantage of a multi-label aware encoding strategy and jointly modeling the intermediate tasks via multi-task learning. BeeSL is fast, accurate, end-to-end, and unlike current methods does not require any external knowledge base or preprocessing tools. BeeSL outperforms the current best system (Li et al., 2019) on the Genia 2011 benchmark by 1.57% absolute F1 score reaching 60.22% F1, establishing a new state of the art for the task. Importantly, we also provide first results on biomedical event extraction without gold entity information. Empirical results show that BeeSL's speed and accuracy makes it a viable approach for large-scale real-world scenarios.

21. LREC

    Norm It! Lexical Normalization for Italian and Its Downstream Effects for Dependency Parsing

    Van Der Goot, R., Ramponi, A., Caselli, T., Cafagna, M., and De Mattei, L.

    In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2020

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    Lexical normalization is the task of translating non-standard social media data to a standard form. Previous work has shown that this is beneficial for many downstream tasks in multiple languages. However, for Italian, there is no benchmark available for lexical normalization, despite the presence of many benchmarks for other tasks involving social media data. In this paper, we discuss the creation of a lexical normalization dataset for Italian. After two rounds of annotation, a Cohen's kappa score of 78.64 is obtained. During this process, we also analyze the inter-annotator agreement for this task, which is only rarely done on datasets for lexical normalization, and when it is reported, the analysis usually remains shallow. Furthermore, we utilize this dataset to train a lexical normalization model and show that it can be used to improve dependency parsing of social media data. All annotated data and the code to reproduce the results are available at: http://bitbucket.org/robvanderg/normit.

22. LREC

    Cross-Domain Evaluation of Edge Detection for Biomedical Event Extraction

    Ramponi, A., Plank, B., and Lombardo, R.

    In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2020

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    Biomedical event extraction is a crucial task in order to automatically extract information from the increasingly growing body of biomedical literature. Despite advances in the methods in recent years, most event extraction systems are still evaluated in-domain and on complete event structures only. This makes it hard to determine the performance of intermediate stages of the task, such as edge detection, across different corpora. Motivated by these limitations, we present the first cross-domain study of edge detection for biomedical event extraction. We analyze differences between five existing gold standard corpora, create a standardized benchmark corpus, and provide a strong baseline model for edge detection. Experiments show a large drop in performance when the baseline is applied on out-of-domain data, confirming the need for domain adaptation methods for the task. To encourage research efforts in this direction, we make both the data and the baseline available to the research community: https://www.cosbi.eu/cfx/9985.

23. IEEE Access

    High-Precision Biomedical Relation Extraction for Reducing Human Curation Efforts in Industrial Applications

    Ramponi, A., Giampiccolo, S., Tomasoni, D., Priami, C., and Lombardo, R.

    IEEE Access, 2020

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    The body of biomedical literature is growing at an unprecedented rate, exceeding the ability of researchers to make effective use of this knowledge-rich amount of information. This growth has created interest in biomedical relation extraction approaches to extract domain-specific knowledge for diverse applications. Despite the great progress in the techniques, the retrieved evidence still needs to undergo a time-consuming manual curation process to be truly useful. Most relation extraction systems have been conceived in the context of Shared Tasks, with the goal of maximizing the F1 score on restricted, domain-specific test sets. However, in industrial applications relations typically serve as input to a pipeline of biologically driven analyses; as a result, highly precise extractions are central for cutting down the manual curation effort, thus to translate the research evidence into practice smoothly and reliably. In this paper, we present a highly precise relation extraction system designed to reduce human curation efforts. The engine is made up of sophisticated rules that leverage linguistic aspects of the texts rather than sticking on application-specific training data. As a result, the system could be applied to diverse needs. Experiments on gold-standard corpora show that the system achieves the highest precision compared with previous rule-based, kernel-based, and neural approaches, while maintaining a F1 score comparable or superior to other methods. To show the usefulness of our approach in industrial scenarios, we finally present a case study on the mTOR pathway, showing how it could be applied on a large-scale.

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1. Knowledge Extraction from Biomedical Literature with Symbolic and Deep Transfer Learning Methods
   Ramponi, A., PhD thesis. University of Trento, Italy, 2021